The lateromedial view of a mammogram is performed with a 90° angulated x-ray beam directed from the lateral to the medial breast. For a lateromedial oblique view, the x-ray beam is directed from the lower-outer to the upper-inner part of the breast (the exact reverse of the mediolateral oblique view). These views improve the visualization of medial breast tissue (also called true reverse oblique).

(MIP) CT Angiography images can be processed by maximum intensity projection to interactively viewing volumes of data, where the CT number of each pixel is given by the minimum CT number through the volume. The MIP connects the high intensity dots of the blood vessels in three dimensions, providing an angiogram that can be viewed from any projection. Each point in the MIP represents the highest intensity experienced in that location on any partition within the imaging volume. For complete interpretation the base slices should also be reviewed individually and with multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) software. The MIP can then be displayed in a Cine format or filmed as multiple images acquired from different projections.

A plane or section not perpendicular to the xyz coordinate system, such as long and short axis views of the heart.

See also Orientation, Mediolateral-Oblique View, Lateral View, Lateromedial, Breast Imaging, and Stack.

If available, some graphic aids can be helpful to show image orientations.
1) A graphic icon of the labeled primary axes (A, L, H) with relative lengths given by direction sines and system of coordinates as if viewed from the normal to the image plane can help orient the viewer, both to identify image plane orientation and to indicate possible in plane rotation.
2) In graphic prescription of obliques from other images, a sample original image with an overlaid line or set of lines indicating the intersection of the original and oblique image planes can help orient the viewer. The location in the R/L and P/A directions can be specified relative to the axis of the scanner.
The F/H location can be specified relative to a convenient patient structure.
The orientation of single oblique slices can be specified by rotating a slice in one of the basic orientations toward one of the other two basic orthogonal planes about an axis defined by the intersection of the 2 planes.
Double oblique slices can be specified as the result of tipping a single oblique plane toward the remaining basic orientation plane, about an axis defined by the intersection of the oblique plane and the remaining basic plane. In double oblique angulations, the first rotation is chosen about the vertical image axis and the second about the (new) horizontal axis. Angles are chosen to have magnitudes less than 90° (for single oblique slices less than 45°); the sign of the angle is taken to be positive when the rotation brings positive axes closer together.

Different stages of the drug development and approval process in the USA, lead from preclinical trials (testing in animals), first application in humans through limited and broad clinical tests, to postmarketing studies.

	Years	Test Population	Purpose	Success Rate
Preclinical Testing	3.5	Laboratory and animal studies	Assess safety and biological activity	5,000 compounds evaluated
File IND at FDA
Phase I	1	20 to 80 healthy volunteers	Determine safety and dosage	5 enter trials
Phase II	2	100 to 300 patient volunteers	Evaluate effectiveness, look for side effects
Phase III	3	1000 to 3000 patient volunteers	Verify effectiveness, monitor adverse reactions from long-term use
File NDA at FDA
FDA	2.5	Review process / Approval		1 approved
	12 Total
Phase IV	Additional Post marketing testing required by FDA

By Dale E. Wierenga, Ph.D. and C. Robert Eaton
Office of Research and Development
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association

'In reviewing this report, it is important to keep in mind the realities of the drug discovery and development process. The U.S. system of new drug approvals is perhaps the most rigorous in the world. On average, it costs a company $359 million to get one new medicine from the laboratory to the pharmacist's shelf, according to a February 1993 report by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment.'

See also Phase 1 2 3 4 Drug Trials, Clinical Trial, Food and Drug Administration, and European Medicines Agency.