[Binary Numeral System] Numerical system based on two different states, usually represented by the two symbols 0 and 1. Information storage and processing in modern computers is based on this system. Here the smallest unit is a bit.

See Bit, Byte.

A biopsy is a procedure in which tissue samples are collected. This can be done with a needle, which is inserted into the abnormal area.
An example is the needle breast biopsy. Needle biopsies are usually guided by different imaging techniques like ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Stereotactic-assisted breast biopsies use computer maps to guide the needle. The location of the breast lump is provided from digital mammograms taken from two angles.
The cells can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether the abnormality is cancerous.

See also CT Guided Biopsy.

A bone marrow scintigraphy is a nuclear medical imaging procedure of the bone marrow with 99Tc-HSA-micro or nano-colloids for the early diagnostics of pathological marrow processes. The principle of this examination is the uptake of Tc-99m labeled albumin (HSA) or sulfur colloid by the reticuloendothelial cells of bone marrow. A bone marrow scan also reflects the regional blood flow. The imaging can be started 60-90 min after the injection of around 8 mCi technetium labeled colloid.

The calibration factor helps to convert between the measured value of a parameter and the actual value of that parameter in a system.
This normalization is necessary in cases where detectors and sensors do not directly sample a parameter, for example the radiation energy is measured by a detector that produces an electrical pulse whose total charge is proportional to the supplied radiation.

The Compton effect describes the interaction of x-ray photons with electrons, in Compton's experiment in 1922/23 the electrons of graphite atoms. The x-ray photons scatter (Compton scattering) off the electrons in different directions. The remaining energy (lower frequency) of the scattered x-ray photons depends on the scattering angle. From an energy based point of view, these 'new or old' photons are a part of the original energy, represented by the incident x-ray photon before the interaction. The photons loss of energy (reduced frequency) is gained by an electron. Depending on this energy the electron could leave the atom. Depending on the remaining energy of the photon the interaction can repeat with a more to more decreasing energy level in the form of further Compton Scattering or by photo-electric absorption. Usually the Compton effect involves atom-bound electrons.
The Compton effect is responsible for most scattering effects in radiography.