A multiphase bone scintigraphy (bone scan) is a nuclear medical examination including blood flow images, immediate images, and delayed images.
The blood flow study is a dynamic sequence of planar images of the bone region of interest obtained during the injection of the radiopharmaceutical (radioactive tracer).
The immediate phase (blood pool or soft tissue study) include one or more static images of selected regions, obtained immediately after the blood flow phase within 10 min.
Delayed images (usually whole body) are usually acquired 2-5 hours after injection. Later (6-24 hour) delayed images result in a higher target to background ratio and may permit better evaluation of the pelvis if this was obscured by bladder activity on the routine images. This late imaging may be particularly helpful in patients with renal insufficiency or peripheral circulatory disorders and those with urinary retention.

Neutron capture is a process in which a neutron collides with a nucleus and becomes part of this nucleus caused by nuclear forces. It interacts without release of another heavy particle. A gamma ray photon is emitted as an immediate result of the neutron capture process. Through the neutron capture the nucleus becomes a heavier isotope of the same element. The kind of decay depends on the isotope and its stability.
This process is for example part of the neutron activation analysis, in which a sample is positioned in a neutron beam and also used in the 'boron neutron capture therapy'.

See also Thermal Neutrons, Epithermal Neutron, Neutron Activation Analysis, Nuclear Charge Number, Deuteron, Isomeric Transition, Isotones, N P Reaction.

The photoelectric effect describes the following interaction of electromagnetic radiation with a metallic surface: a photon with an energy (frequency) above the binding energy of an electron gets absorbed and the electron is emitted. The positive energy difference is transferred to the electrons kinetic energy. If the photons energy is not high enough for the electron to overcome its binding forces, the photon will be re-emitted. It is not the intensity of a photon beam (amount of photons) which allows the photoelectric effect; it is the energy (frequency) of a single photon which will allow the emission of a single photoelectron.
The discovery and study of the photoelectric effect leads to a new quantized understanding in physics. Albert Einstein was awarded the Noble prize for physics in 1921 'for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect'.
The photoelectric effect is the most important effect in medical radiography. E.g. it is photoelectric absorption that is responsible for most of the absorption in a mammogram which creates the contrast in the image.

See also Photon, Electron.

X-rays are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays and gamma rays are differentiated on the origin of the radiation, not on the wavelength, frequency, or the energy. X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus. X-rays have wavelengths in the range of about 1 nanometer (nm) to 10 picometer (pm), frequencies in the range of 10^-16 to 10^-20 Hertz (Hz) and photon energies between 0.12 and 120 kilo electron Volt (keV). The energy of rays increase with decreased wavelengths. X-rays with energies between 10 keV and a few hundred keV are considered hard X-rays. The cutoff between soft or hard X-rays is around a wavelength of 100 pm.
Because of their short wavelength, X-rays interact little with matter and pass through a wide range of materials. These interactions occur as absorption or scattering;; primary are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and, for ultrahigh photon energies of above 1.022 mega electron Volt (MeV), pair production.
X-rays are produced when high energy electrons struck a metal target. The kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into electromagnetic energy when the electrons are abruptly decelerated (also called bremsstrahlung radiation, or braking radiation) similar to the deceleration of the circulating electron beam in a synchrotron particle accelerator. Another type of rays is produced by the inner, more tightly bound electrons in atoms;; frequently occurring in decay of radionuclides (characteristic radiation, gamma ray, beta ray). The energy of an X-ray is equivalent to the difference in energy of the initial and final atomic state minus the binding energy of the electron.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered this type of rays (also called Roentgen-rays) in 1895 and realized that X-rays penetrate soft tissue but are absorbed by bones, which provides the possibility to image anatomic structures; the first type of diagnostic imaging was established. Radiographic images are based on this difference in attenuation for tissue and organs of different density. Today ionizing radiation is widely used in medicine in the field of radiology.

See also Exposure Factors, X-Ray Tube, and X-Ray Spectrum.

X-ray tubes are devices for the production of x-rays. X-ray tubes consist of an evacuated glass vessel and two electrodes. An electrical current with very high voltage passes across the tube and accelerates electrons emitted by thermionic emission from a tungsten filament (cathode also called electron gun) towards the anode target. The electrons collide with the anode and this deceleration generates x-rays (bremsstrahlung).
The high vacuum allows the electron beam an unimpeded passage. The electron beam heats the anode (usually copper), which is cooled by water to prevent melting. A copper target emits x-rays with a characteristic wavelength. Other used metals soften or harden the x-ray beam.
The x-rays pass through a very thin beryllium (Be) foil. This beryllium window absorbs a high amount of the elastically scattered electrons (produced by the target) and allows the radiation to get out of the tube without substantial absorption.
In conventional x-ray tubes, the anode is also the target. In nanofocus and microfocus x-ray tubes, the electron beam is transmitted through a hole in the anode where it is then focused onto a small spot on the target.

See also X-Ray Tube Housing, Fine Focus X-Ray Tube, Transformer, Diode, Digital to Analog Converter and Angular Response.