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Thursday, 30 January 2025
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Digital Mammography
The digital mammography is an electronic imaging procedure of the breast. The number of breast imaging facilities equipped with digital mammography (also called computed radiography mammogram (CRM), CR mammogram) is growing due to a number of advantages.
Digital images can be stored directly in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and allows the printing, enhancement, magnification, or brightness and contrast manipulation for further evaluation. The sensitivity of digital mammography compared to film mammography is better in women with dense breasts, a population at higher risk for breast cancer, due to these post processing possibilities.
'The American College of Radiology's (ACR) Imaging Network found that digital mammography detected up to 28 percent more cancers than film-screen mammography in women age 50 and younger, premenopausal and perimenopausal women, and women with dense breasts, as reported in October 2005 in the New England Journal of Medicine.'

Advantages of digital mammography:
Faster image acquisition;
shorter examination time;
improved contrast between dense and non-dense breast tissue;
under or over x-ray exposure can be corrected without repeated mammograms;
post processing of breast images for more accurate detection of breast cancer;
Easy storage and transmission over phone lines or a network.

Existing mammography equipment can be converted to 'digital' operation, which allows cost savings compared to integrated digital mammography systems.

See also Breast MRI.
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Digital Radiography
(DR) Digital radiography uses a special electronic x-ray detector, which converts the radiographic image into a digital picture for review on a computer monitor. The digital image is then stored and can be post processed by changing the magnification, orientation, brightness, and contrast. Digital radiography (also called direct radiography) is a progressive development of computed radiography (CR).
These advantages can lead to fewer 'recalls' (repeated x-ray images) including a lower radiation dose than analog or conventional radiography. DR and CR systems use no chemicals to process the x-ray images and the hazardous materials and waste associated with film development are eliminated.

Advantages of digital radiography compared with conventional radiography:
saves time and costs due to more effective imaging process and workflow;
improved diagnostic quality images also in cases of x-ray under exposition or over exposition;
lower repeat rate;
films and developing chemicals are omitted;
reduction of hazardous chemical waste.
Diode
An electronic diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. Mainly, a diode allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but blocks it in the opposite direction.
Electromagnetic Lens
An electromagnetic lens is designed to focus the electron beam by using a suitable shaped magnetic field. The lens is a symmetric electromagnet consisting of wire coil, magnetic iron yoke and iron pole pieces. A strong magnetic field is produced by passing a current through the windings. This field acts as a convex lens; converge off axis rays back to focus. Like an optical lens, a magnetic lens is characterized by focal length and can be altered by changing the strength of the current.
Emitting
Emitting is for example the release of particles (electrons, etc.) or rays (x-rays, etc.) as a consequence of e.g. a nuclear (decay, fission, or fusion) process.

See also Decay and Beta Radiation.
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