Contrast-induced nephropathy is a serious complication of intravascular x-ray contrast agents. The osmolality of the contrast medium is an important fact in contrast-induced nephropathy and should ideally be iso-osmolar to blood. Today, nonionic contrast agents are state of the art for vascular use, the ionic contrast agents caused more adverse reactions.
Signs of contrast-induced nephropathy after the application of vascular contrast agents are a serum creatinine increase of 0.5 mg/dL (In the United States, creatinine is typically reported in mg/dL, while in Canada and Europe µmol/L may be used. 1 mg/dL of creatinine is 88.4 µmol/L) or an increase of serum creatinine greater than 25%.

A higher risk of contrast-induced nephropathy is associated with:
The use of a nonionic contrast agent, iso-osmolar to blood and a low dose reduces the risk for contrast-induced nephropathy.

A controlled area is the area outside of a restricted area but within the area whose access is limited by licensed operators. The access, occupancy, and working conditions are controlled for radiation protection purposes.
A controlled area includes the location of a radioactive waste disposal facility, identified by institutional control that is intended to be used for monitoring and surveillance of a disposal facility and to act against or restrict public access, and the subsurface underlying a surface location.

A coronary angiogram (or cardiac catheterization) is the radiographic visualization of the coronary arteries after the introduction of a contrast agent. A coronary angiography can be performed for both diagnostic and interventional (treatment) purposes.
A catheter, inserted into a major blood vessel has to be maneuvered up to the coronary arteries to inject a blood compatible iodinated contrast material (dye). The x-ray visible catheter allows injecting a small amount of contrast agent selectively in the coronary arteries or the heart chambers. Continuous images are recorded (movies or cineangiogram) in multiple views from different angles are in order to ascertain the precise location and severity of coronary artery blockages. Digitized images are also saved on computer and replayed onto a video screen as needed.
A coronary angiogram is more invasive and requires more patient recovery time than coronary CT angiography. In the past, the gold standard for detecting atherosclerotic plaque was a coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Today, the American Heart Association considers CT scanning to be one of the most effective, non-invasive methods for the detection of calcification in the coronary arteries.

See also Interventional Radiology.

The digital mammography is an electronic imaging procedure of the breast. The number of breast imaging facilities equipped with digital mammography (also called computed radiography mammogram (CRM), CR mammogram) is growing due to a number of advantages.
Digital images can be stored directly in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and allows the printing, enhancement, magnification, or brightness and contrast manipulation for further evaluation. The sensitivity of digital mammography compared to film mammography is better in women with dense breasts, a population at higher risk for breast cancer, due to these post processing possibilities.
'The American College of Radiology's (ACR) Imaging Network found that digital mammography detected up to 28 percent more cancers than film-screen mammography in women age 50 and younger, premenopausal and perimenopausal women, and women with dense breasts, as reported in October 2005 in the New England Journal of Medicine.'

Advantages of digital mammography:
Existing mammography equipment can be converted to 'digital' operation, which allows cost savings compared to integrated digital mammography systems.

See also Breast MRI.

(DR) Digital radiography uses a special electronic x-ray detector, which converts the radiographic image into a digital picture for review on a computer monitor. The digital image is then stored and can be post processed by changing the magnification, orientation, brightness, and contrast. Digital radiography (also called direct radiography) is a progressive development of computed radiography (CR).
These advantages can lead to fewer 'recalls' (repeated x-ray images) including a lower radiation dose than analog or conventional radiography. DR and CR systems use no chemicals to process the x-ray images and the hazardous materials and waste associated with film development are eliminated.

Advantages of digital radiography compared with conventional radiography: