An irradiating apparatus is capable to produce ionizing radiation or to accelerate atomic particles.

Ischemia refers to a lack of adequate blood flow to an organ, such as the heart or the brain, which may be the result of a blood clot, blood vessel constriction or a hemorrhage.

See also Regional Cerebral Blood Flow, Blood Brain Barrier, Cerebral Blood Pool Imaging and Hematoma.

If a nucleus still has excess energy after attempts of stabilization, it can emit energy without changing the number of protons or neutrons. This process is named isomeric transition. One way of isomeric transition is the emission of a gamma rays, the other competing way is internal conversion, where the excess energy of the nucleus must exceed the binding energy of an electron, which then will be ejected from the atom.

See also Decay, Gamma Radiation and Internal Conversion.

Isotones are atoms where the nuclei contain the same number of neutrons.

The kinetic energy is the energy of motion, the energy an object possessed, e.g. a nucleon, a nucleus, an atom or another particle, because of its motion.