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Activation Analysis
Concentration determination of trace elements, halogens, lead, arsenic and mercury in pharmaceuticals by neutron activation.

See Neutron Activation Analysis.
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Neutron Activation Analysis
(NAA) Neutron activation analysis is a very sensitive analytical technique to determine even very low concentration of chemical elements, trace elements for example, in small biological samples.
NAA becomes commercial available in the USA in 1960.
In the activation process stable nuclides in the sample, which is placed in a neutron beam (neutron flux, 90-95% are thermal neutron with low energy levels under 0.5 eV), will change to radioactive nuclides through neutron capture (artificial radioactivity). These radioactive nuclides decay by emitting alpha-, beta-particles and gamma-rays with a unique half-life. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sample is done with a high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer.
NAA is subdivided into the following techniques:
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Fast NAA (FNAA): about 5% of the total flux consists of fast neutrons (energy above 0.5 MeV). As a consequence the radiation contains more nuclear particles.
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Prompt Gamma NAA (PGNAA): gamma rays are measured during neutron activation. For detection of elements with a rapid decay.
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Delayed Gamma NAA (DGNAA): conventional detection after the neutron activation.
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Epithermal NAA (ENAA): ~ 2% of the total neutron flux with an energy level between 0.5 eV and 0.5 MeV are detected inside a cadmium or boron shield.
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Instrumental NAA (INAA): automated from sample handling to data processing. Analyzes simultaneously more than thirty elements in most samples without chemical processing.
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Radiochemical NAA (RNAA): After neutron activation the sample is chemically refined for better analysis.
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Fast Neutron Activation Analysis
(FNAA) See Neutron Activation Analysis.
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Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis
(ENAA) See Neutron Activation Analysis.
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Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis
(INAA), see Neutron Activation Analysis.
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